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This article investigates the interplay between darkness, construal level, and psychological distance based on the link between environmental lighting conditions and visual perception. In the dark, visual perception becomes less focused and detailed, leading to more abstract representations. We argue that this link between physical darkness and a global perceptual processing style spills over to the conceptual level. In three experiments, darkness triggered a more global perceptual and conceptual processing style than did brightness, regardless of whether the darkness was physically manipulated or primed. Additionally, two Implicit Association Tests (IATs) showed that darkness is more strongly associated with high-level construal than with low-level construal. Moreover, drawing on the generalized link between construal level and psychological distance, we proposed that darkness is also linked to perceived psychological distance because the lack of detail information and the abstract representations in the dark remove objects and other persons from people’s direct, detailed experience. Eight IATs confirmed the implicit link between darkness and four dimensions of psychological distance. These implications of these results are discussed with regard to thinking styles and social processes like stereotyping and cooperation.
Theory on achievement goals favours a trichotomous model encompassing learning goals, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals. Performance-avoidance goals are associated with lower achievement compared to performance-approach and learning goals. The present study investigated the predictions of this model as regards achievement after failure. Low achievement of participants with performance-avoidance goals was expected to be mediated by a high degree of negative self-related thoughts. Before manipulating achievement goals, achievement on verbal analogies was assessed. After manipulating achievement goals for an anagram task, all participants (N = 87) were exposed to failure. Subsequently, achievement on a parallel version of the verbal analogies task was assessed. Participants in the performance-avoidance goals condition showed low achievement after failure, mediated by a high degree of negative self-related thoughts.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war das bürgerschaftliche Engagement in den Forstrevieren Baden-Württembergs näher zu untersuchen, zu diskutieren und seine Chancen und Möglichkeiten darzustellen. Gibt es überhaupt bürgerschaftliches Engagement in Wald und Forstwirtschaft? Wenn ja, wie stellt es sich in der Realität dar? Eignet es sich für Partizipation und Information und somit für vertrauensschaffende Öffentlichkeitsarbeit? Können mit der Arbeit und Unterstützung der Engagierten Aufgaben des Waldbesitzers übernommen werden? Haben die freiwillig Engagierten einen Gewinn durch ihr bürgerschaftliches Engagement? Wenn ja, welchen? Und schließlich stellt sich die Frage: wenn Chancen im bürgerschaftlichen Engagement für Wald und Forstwirtschaft liegen, wie kann es gefördert und unterstützt und politisch verankert werden?
Bürgerservices vor Ort
(2011)